Literature - A Mirror Of Society Essays - Romanticism,

Literature - a Mirror of Society The literature of a country is affected and influenced by how the people of that country live. This paper will prove that The French Revolution greatly influenced 19th Century French Romanticism. First, the cultural values of the revolution will be identified. Then, the different aspects of Romanticism will be presented. The cultural values of The French Revolution and Romanticism will then be linked. Finally, literary examples will be shown to support this connection between the two movements. Before the Revolution, the citizens of France lived in a strict, confined society with no freedom to express their feelings. Government had imposed strong, unfair laws on the common people (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia ?French Revolution?). They wanted a voice in a stable government with a strong economy (Johnson 105) and a strong sense of individuality and independence within the people. (Moss and Wilson 180) Eighteenth- century literature was much like the society in which it was produced, restrained. Society was divided into privileged and unprivileged classes, (Leinward 452) with Eighteenth- century writers focusing on the lives of the upper class. (Thompson 857) These writers followed ?formal rules?(Thorlby 282), and based their works on scientific observations and logic (Thompson 895). The Revolution gave the common people and writers more freedom to express feelings and stimulated them to use reason. According to Thompson, The Revolution ?had a major impact on Nineteenth- Century European Life.? (895) It sent a strong wave of emotion and revival throughout France (Peyre 59). This lead to new laws and ezdards for the citizens, including newer, less imposing literary ezdards. Romanticism marked a profound change in both literature and thought. Romanticism, according to Webster's Dictionary, is defined as ?a literary movement (as in early 19th century Europe) marked especially by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions and by the use of autobiographical material.? Although this may be true, there is no single commonly accepted definition of Romanticism, but it has some features upon which there is general agreement. First, it emphasized upon human reason, feeling, emotion, and expression (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, ?Romanticism?) while emphasizing the love of nature, beauty, and liberty. (Leinward 528-529) Thompson defines Romanticism as ? a major literary and cultural movement? that was inspired by the imaginations, inner feelings, and emotions of the Romantics. (895) If one term can be used to describe the forces that have shaped the modern world, it is Romanticism. (Peyre, 2) Romanticism has had such a profound effect on the world since the late 18th century that one author has called it ?the profoundest cultural transformation in human history since the invention of the city.? (Compton's Encyclopedia, ?Romanticism?) Harvey and Heseltine state that ?The outezding characteristic of 18th-century French literature had been attached to reason.... About the turn of the century.... literature became a matter of senses and emotions.? (633) They also say that the movement of Romanticism ?gave practical expression to the new spirit...? because it recognized that the bounds on literature were ?too rigid?. (634) There are many direct relations how the French Revolution influenced the French Romanticism that followed it in the Nineteenth- century. The French Revolution had a major impact on the timeline and progression of Romanticism. Vinaver states that ?Neither a revolt or a reaction, Romanticism was a revolutionary fulfillment... And this in turn explains why the European event known as the French Revolution is at once the climax [of Romanticism]...It's [French Revolution} date, 1789, conveniently divides the Pre- Romanticism [era] from the full flowering of the new culture.? (6) Romanticism starts in about 1774, but does not take off until the last decade of the 18th- century, the same time as the Revolution. The French Revolution provided for many of the problems and basis for many Romantic literary works. First of all, the political change brought by the Revolution, along with the intellectual reverberations brought upon Romanticism. (Harvey and Heseltine 634) Also, Thompson states that ? [Romanticism was] shaped by the ideals of the French Revolution.? (895) Finally, Vinaver declares that the Revolution served as ?a great source of the problems and tendencies of Romantic proper.? (6) The Revolution also inspired many writers to write romantically. Peyre points this out when

‘Anthem for doomed youth’ by Wilfred Owen Essays

‘Anthem for doomed youth’ by Wilfred Owen Essays ‘Anthem for doomed youth’ by Wilfred Owen Paper ‘Anthem for doomed youth’ by Wilfred Owen Paper Essay Topic: Anthem Poetry The poem ‘Anthem for doomed youth’ by Wilfred Owen is based on the massacre during World War 1. It is a Petrarchan sonnet that deals with the horror faced by adolescent soldiers and questions the real motif behind the wars. By questioning the funeral procedures of dead soldiers and contrasting it with the funerals of normal people, Owen expresses his disapproval and anger towards the war. It very effectively brings out the horrific scenes of the wars by using metaphors, alliteration, personification and rhetorical questions, all which bring out the futility of young soldiers dying and the insignificant funeral services carried for them. The title itself is very ambiguous. Usually, an anthem is a commemoration for someone who has passed away, but the juxtaposition with ‘doomed’ shows the ill fate that the ‘youth’ is accustomed to. A negative vibe is created from the very beginning. The use of assonance in ‘doomed youth’ with repeated vowels gives the poem a despairing and disdainful tone. The poem basically focuses on the pointlessness of war due to the immense fatality it causes. The tone is somber and morose. The poet makes use of a variety of techniques such as internal lines. e. g. – the repetition of ‘sh’ in ‘Shall shine’ and of g in ‘glimmers of goodbyes’. Owen very effectively uses sounds to mirror his emotions. The poet uses very descriptive language and enhances it with rhetorical questions and juxtaposition. The rhyme is abab cdcd efgg. Poet uses present tense to show it is a recent and immediate topic. The first stanza is slow paced with the use of a lot of punctuations. The octet focuses on the happenings of the battlefield and the circumstances under which the young soldiers die. It also particularly deals with the sound on the battlefield. The first line of the stanza itself is a rhetorical question, where Owen questions the death of soldiers. The death of the soldiers is metaphorically compared to that of ‘cattle’, which shows that how the cattle is slaughtered in the same way huge numbers of soldiers are made to fight in battles and sacrifice their lives. They are commemorated by the sound of ‘the monstrous anger of the guns’. An inanimate object like a gun is shown to ‘feel anger’ at scenes of the war, and hence shows that if an inanimate object can see the uselessness of war, mankind too, should. With the use of pathetic fallacy, the reader very effectively conveys this message. The use of ‘only’ creates the effect that the sounds are not enough to compensate for the deaths. Further this image is extended by the use of ‘no prayers nor bells’ that emphasizes on what the soldiers do not have. The only prayer said is one of ‘hasty orisons’, which shows religion failing to put an end to this. Owen introduces the idea of how religion in the form of ‘bells’ and ‘prayers’ is like a ‘mockery’ because the deaths are so many and so uncalled for that religion also cant do much to compensate for it. The last line of the octave introduces a new idea about the background that the soldiers come from and shows how deep the sorrow is of the loss. The first stanza has a lot of auditory images that help to visualize the terror and trauma in the battlefield. Words like ‘stuttering rifles rapid rattle’, and ‘monstrous anger of the guns’ helps the reader to visualize the unpleasant and cacophony during the war. The alliteration in ‘ stuttering rifles rapid rattle’ shows the constant firing of bullets and the repetition of ‘r’ shows the frequency of deaths. Also by contrasting such violent sounds with that of ‘choirs’ and ‘prayers’, the poet highlights how the funeral ceremonies for such martyrs is so different to that of a normal dead person. Further the idea of the funeral procedures of dead soldiers being contrasting to that of a traditional one is present throughout the poem. The title itself holds evidence for this. In a traditional ceremony an ‘anthem’ is played in remembrance for the dead soldiers, whereas for soldiers it is ‘all doomed’ and there is a dark future ahead. In a traditional ceremony, church ‘bells’ announce the death, however, in the case of soldiers it is ‘gunfire’. In the octet, the weapons of destruction such as ‘guns’, ‘rifles’, ‘shells’ and contrasts it with religious imagery such as ‘orisons’, ‘bells’ and ‘prayers’. On one hand where there are prayers for the deceased, on the other hand, there is just ‘rifle fire’ where more and more youngsters lose their lives. This brings out the aspect of how menial the lives of the soldiers are. In religious funerals, there are choirs singing sweet songs, while soldiers on the battlefield have to settle for ‘demented choirs of wailing shells (explosives)’. Moreover, the soldiers don’t even have a ‘pall’ to cover their dead body with; they have just the ‘pallor’ that is the pale face of their loved ones. Flowers usually given at funerals as a token of love and sorrow are not present at the deathbed of soldiers, they just sorrowful thoughts of their family for that. Antithesis is used to create a stark contrast between what the soldier’s lives could have turned out if they hadn’t died in war conditions. The sestet focuses on the aftermath of the death of the soldiers and the quiet mourning of the loved ones. The poet once again begins the stanza with a rhetorical question – ‘what candles may be held to speed them all’. ‘Candles’ are usually placed in church as a mark of remembrance for the dead. Here it could imply that there is still hope for change. Instead of having candles to guide them in their afterlife, all the soldiers would have is ‘holy glimmers’, exchange of looks in the soldier’s eyes. One more thing the soldiers’ death ceremony will lack is that of a ‘pall’ to cover their bodies. The ‘pall’ is metaphorically compared to the paleness on the girl’s faces that will be evident in their sulking ‘brows’. The last line of the sestet is very powerful. As dusk marks the end of light, ‘each slow dusk’ will mark the death of the martyrs and the end of their struggle. he night marks respect to the soldiers, whereas ‘drawing down of blinds’ usually takes place in the room with the coffin as a symbol of respect. The long vowel sounds in the last line shows how the memory of the soldiers will remain etched in the memory of the poet for the courageous tasks they have undertaken. Thus it throws light upon how first the soldiers sacrifice their lives for the country, and even after that they don’t get a proper funeral as a token for respect in fact they get to witness more and more of their colleagues dying instead.. Thus the poet targets the uselessness of war in being unfruitful and creates vivid images with the use of auditory and visual images. It very successfully depicts how the youth, the generation of the future has a very dark life ahead if war continues to brutally end their lives. The poem leaves the reader with a sense of shock by exposing the horrific battlefield images and fills us with sympathy for the many who lost their lives.

The Most Intelligent Social Promotion Tool Youll Ever Use - CoSchedule

The Most Intelligent Social Promotion Tool Youll Ever Use You + social automation have a love/hate relationship†¦ You love the idea of setting up a social campaign ONCE and letting it run on autopilot†¦ (while reaping the amazing benefits of a consistent, relevant, and timely social schedule) BUTlet’s be real. Your â€Å"social automation reality† looks more like: running to delete those 15 identical messages that just spammed your FB, Insta, and Pinterest audiences†¦ doing damage control when that poorly timed, â€Å"Why Prince Is Overrated† post went out the weekend of his memorial celebration (facepalm) †¦and working overtime when those â€Å"make life easier† auto-schedule messages trumped  your more relevant and timely campaigns. You see, here’s the problem: Most social automation doesn’t take into account the intelligent (or maybe not so intelligent) beings around them. They can’t react, recalibrate, or anticipate changes. They don’t KNOW  when to send messages (at the most optimal times) And quite franklythey’re just dumb. Which is why we created ReQueue, the only social automation tool with built-in intelligence. Say goodbye to spamming your audience†¦ Duplicate posts†¦ AND badly timed social campaigns! With ReQueue, you really can streamline your social strategy Cos’ unlike other social automation tools, ReQueue interacts with the rest of your social schedule. It takes into account everything you’ve got on the calendar, promotes your content at the most optimal times, AND recalibrates when you’ve got other campaigns going out at the same time (no duplicate efforts)! This Is The Most Intelligent Social Promotion Tool Youll EVER UseWIth ReQueue, you can: Set it forget it (with confidence).  Social automation is supposed to simplify your life (not add work to it). With ReQueue- the ONLY intelligent social automation tool on the web- you can set your best social messages on autopilot, and know with confidence your messages are sent to the right places (at the right time)with minimal effort. Automatically re-use your best social messages (without the manual work). ReQueue fills in the gaps of your daily schedule with real smarts, not  manual guesses! It takes into account your entire social schedule, uses Best Time Scheduling intelligence to promote your messages at the most optimal times AND intelligently finds the gaps in your schedule (so you don’t have to). Get more mileage out of your messages. The average lifespan of a single social message is mere minutes, so why are you only sharing it once? Craft your messages, add them to ReQueue, and let re-share them at the most optimal posting frequency. So, no matter what you’ve got on the roadmap, rest assured, your social schedule is always timely, always relevant†¦ and always intelligent. Set It Forget It (With Confidence) You’ve heard stories about #automation fails (or worse, experienced one yourself!) *Think Roomba + Dog Poop disaster circa 2016* And the worst part of the #automation fail isn’t necessarily the fail itself†¦ (although, ew†¦) It’s that someone PAID for something that was supposed to make their life easier. When in reality†¦ It only made things a million times more complicated. 😕 Automation is supposed to simplify your life†¦ (not add work to it) Which means the same sentiment should hold true when it comes to automating your social media! With ReQueue- the ONLY intelligent social automation tool on the web- you can set your best social messages on autopilot, and know with confidence your messages are sent to the right places (at the right time)with minimal effort. ReQueue:The Basics No one likes to page through setup manuals larger than college textbooks†¦ #snoozefest If automation is supposed to make your life easier†¦ it should be easy to set up AND even easier to understand how it works! So before we dive right in, here’s a high level overview of ReQueue (aka the basics) for you skimmer’s out there: Schedule social messages directly on your calendar. Add your best messages to ReQueue for reuse later on. ReQueue automatically fills gaps in your social schedule. ^^Easy, right? And now that you know the basics, let’s run through *exactly* how to set up ReQueue! 👠 How To Setup ReQueue Because automation should be all about keepin’ it simple here are the seven  (not one hundred million *cough*) steps it takes to set up ReQueue: Step One: Enable ReQueue on your calendar. Step Two: Select your sending frequency  (when you want ReQueue to fill in the gaps in your social schedule). Step Three: Decide message sending limits  (how often you want ReQueue to reuse a specific message in a month). Step Four: Select the social profiles  you want ReQueue to use and how often you want messages to send from each profile. Step Five: Create your ReQueue groups  (use these to organize your ReQueue messages into categories). Step Six: Add some high-performing messages to ReQueue. (More on that later). Step Seven: And finally†¦.set it and forget it! ^^Yep. Set it and FORGET IT. Because ReQueue is more than just an automation tool that’s easy to setup†¦ it’s also SMART. It talks to your social strategy, and then recalibrates! Which means you don’t have to constantly check in and make sure it’s still working correctly. Saving you time†¦ AND your sanity. #boom And now that you know how to setup ReQueue (knowing it won’t suddenly malfunction if you step away for two seconds) †¦you can *FINALLY* streamline your social strategy + focus on the important stuff (thanks to SMART automation that won’t let you down). Automatically Re-Use Your Best Social Messages (Without The Manual Work) Remember when you bought a tool that was *supposed* to make your life easier? But when you tried to set it up†¦ you quickly realized that this tool was NOT simple and the worst part†¦ It was NOT going to make your life easier. AKA the â€Å"automatic tool† you bought solve a problem†¦ Was going to require A TON of manual work on your end. *insert headache here* Which is why we created ReQueue a tool that actually  makes your life easier†¦ WITHOUT the manual work! ReQueue fills in the gaps of your daily schedule with real smarts, not  manual guesses! It takes into account your entire social schedule, uses Best Time Scheduling intelligence to promote your messages at the most optimal times AND intelligently finds the gaps in your schedule (so you don’t have to). How ReQueue Fills In The Gaps Here’s the three-step breakdown: ReQueue looks at your ENTIRE social schedule. ReQueue uses Best Time Scheduling (more on that later) intelligence to promote your messages at optimal times. And finally, ReQueue uses that information to intelligently find the gaps in your schedule + fills ‘em (so you don’t have to). Now for a little more info on Best Time Scheduling. ðŸ™Å' Best Time Scheduling is a tool that knows the â€Å"best† time to send messages based on when it will get the most engagement. It was created by analyzing best practices from hundreds of the world’s best marketers, critically assessing the rules + strategies for every social platform, and testing out the perfect times to send a message. AKA, it’s a tool created + tested by marketers backed by REAL data. And since ReQueue uses Best Time Scheduling when filling in the gaps in your social schedule†¦ you can rest assured knowing your messages are always going out at times where you’re likely to get the most clicks, likes, shares. (Driving more traffic to your site, and more $$$ into your pockets). Besides leveraging Best Time Scheduling†¦ ReQueue also uses the social profile sending limits, sending frequency, and message limits YOU defined during setup! ReQueue was designed to be a SMART social automation tool†¦ One that listens to you†¦ Relies on REAL data to make decisions†¦ Can easily recalibrate based on your social schedule And requires ZERO manual work on your end. 👠 Get More Mileage Out Of Your Messages Think about all the time you spend creating + curating your social media content. Writing engaging, relevant, and meaningful copy Finding the *best* photo†¦ Assembling all your messages into perfect little packages†¦ And then scheduling them out to be delivered (with love) to each social network. But once you’ve sent them out They quickly  drop into social media oblivion (aka the very bottom of a newsfeed)†¦ †¦just hours or even minutes  after they are posted. The average lifespan of a single social message is mere minutes, so why are you only sharing it once? Well, thanks to your favorite social automation tool†¦ You can craft social messages, add them to ReQueue, and let re-share them at the most optimal posting frequency! Which means you get more mileage out of your messages AND some major time back on your calendar for the thousand things on your to-do list. *woop woop!* Now you might be wonderingwhat messages belong in ReQueue? The answer: your best, highest converting, most engaging messages should be added to ReQueue! (Pro tip: Make sure it’s  a combination of evergreen, original, and curated content to create a good mix). Having trouble figuring out which messages are your top performers? Head to your Social Engagement Report! Here you can see your top performing messages, what networks they were sent to, and which social profile was used, and easily add them to ReQueue with just a couple clicks. There are no limits or requirements to what messages you can add to ReQueue, so feel free to add new messages to ReQueue, too! As long as you create a good mix, you’re good to go. ðŸ™Å' You + social automation USED to have a love/hate relationship†¦ But with ReQueue†¦ You really can streamline your social strategy! Say goodbye to spamming your audience†¦ Duplicate posts†¦ AND badly timed social campaigns! Because now you’ve got  the smartest social automation tool around. One that interacts with the rest of your social schedule†¦ Takes into account everything you’ve got on the calendar†¦ Promotes your content at the most optimal times†¦ AND recalibrates when you’ve got other campaigns going out at the same time (no duplicate efforts)! So, no matter what you’ve got on the roadmap†¦ Rest assured, with ReQueue, your social schedule is always timely, always relevant†¦ and always intelligent.

Rehabilitation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rehabilitation Paper - Essay Example While referring back to the origin of the rehabilitation of the prisoners, it was the enactment of the Penitentiary Act in 1779 by British government that introduced the custom of rehabilitation of the prisoners and criminals. Thereafter, evidently imprisonment emerged as a form of correction rather than punishment. The technique and mode of rehabilitation varies according to the nature and type of offence committed. The prisoners are given educational as well as vocational training to learn various skills so that they can use it outside the prison once their term of imprisonment is over; and such rehabilitation takes place both inside the prison and outside the premises as well (Prison rehabilitation, n.d.). In the American prisons, rehabilitations found to be an effective mode of minimizing stress, aggression, and mental disorders amongst the prisoners. Studies prove that the prison inmates who learned rehabilitation techniques and participated in training activities were reformed and the number of those who returned to prison shrank to 30-35% which was far greater than other kinds of measures adopted to reduce the animosity among the inmates. The rehabilitation programs conducted outside the prison premises help to bring down over crowding in prisons. The vocation training they received made them competent to live the rest of their life without being dependant on others. Probation and parole are two means available for the prisoners to get out of their confinements and enjoy the fragments of freedom for a limited period. Probation and parole are more or less similar in function but are connected to different sections of the criminal justice system. Probation is generally imposed in lieu of jail incarceration and is increasingly being used in California as a tool to reduce jail crowding in a wide variety of situations. As per the Probation Law of 1976, (cited in Sangco, 1995) probation can be defined as a court-imposed approval that envisages to releases a co nvicted offender into the society under a conditional suspended sentence; and this practice is due to the assumption that all the criminals are not dangerous and they will rightly react to the treatments. Usually probation is given to an offender whose conduct and behavior is amicable in the prison premises (p. 1). When the term of his probation is over, he is asked to come back to the prison for the rest of his punishment. During the probation, if the offender proves himself fit for a social life, he may also get negotiation in his imprisonment. On the other hand, parole is a conditional release from state prison by the Department of Corrections. It is the early release from prison or jail under certain conditions and under strict supervision when a portion of the sentence has been completed. The practices of parole envisage that the offender has articulated his assent to abide by the rules and regulations of the prison environment and also shows respect and assistance to the socia l norms and practices. In this case also he has to come back to the prison once the stipulated days are over. As everyone knows, people are not born as criminals but it is the circumstances that make them commit offences. Probation and parole have great importance in this regard. A person who has committed murder on the pressure of

Tech Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Tech Article - Essay Example The current market price for RFID tags is between 20 and 40 cents. A company that is currently utilizing RFID tags to improve its supply chain is Wal-Mart Inc. Wal-Mart is the world largest retailer and biggest employer. The use of RFID has allowed Wal-Mart to improve its warehouse logistics. For example Wal-Mart is using RFID technology to scan tags on products as pallets are moved through a dock or scanning cases on high shelves in a warehouse (Rfidjournal). Companies can also use the technology to track the movement of merchandise as it is moved by trucking companies. The auto-id system developed for use in RFID tags must be open source so that there won’t be any compatibility issues. A good system will use the internet to connect users to the information in real time. As the cost of RFID continues to decrease its application will become the new standard in the packaging industry. Work Cited Page Rfidjournal.com. 2011. â€Å"What is RFID?’’ RFID Journal. 1 Ma rch 2011. Wordiq.com. 2010. â€Å"RFID- Definition.† 1 March 2011.

Hamlets Hesitation as his Tragic Flaw in Hamlet by Shakespeare Essay

Hamlet's Hesitation as his Tragic Flaw in Hamlet by Shakespeare In the play Hamlet, Hamlet is described as daring, brave, loyal, and intelligent. However, he is always consumed by his own thoughts, this being his tragic flaw. There are numerous times Hamlet does not act when he should, like his inability to act on his father's murder, his mother's marriage, and his uncle's assuming of the throne. 'Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder,' says the ghost of Hamlet. The fact that his own uncle could kill his father leaves Hamlet dumbfounded and confused. Although Hamlet knows something is wrong in Denmark, he begins to question everything that the ghost has told him. When something is needed to be done, Hamlet is to busy thinking about his problems. An example of this is when Hamlet has his knife over the head of Claudius, and is prepared to murder him. He talks himself out of it. Instead, Hamlet writes a play in which the actors play out the same story that the ghost told Hamlet. This is when his tragic flaw, his hesitance to act, actually comes into play. His plan is to study Claudius's reaction to the play to determine his guilt. However, after Hamlet decides his uncle is guilty, he still does nothing. This would have been a great time to confront Claudius, but Hamlet seems more interested in taking credit for what he did instead of seeking revenge. By putting o n that play Hamlet has plenty enough evidence to show Claudius was guilty, therefore he should have carried out his revenge as soon as possible, but again, his thoughts take over. This should have been the final piece of action for Hamlet to avenge his father?s death. Hamlet should have then stabbed Claudius the moment he knew he was guilty. This would... .... Away" and Hamlet was sure of his uncle?s guilt. This was the perfect time for Hamlet to face Claudius. The king was in a difficult state and could have been easily dethroned. Unfortunately, Hamlet decides to speak to his mother instead, thus putting Hamlet in an emotional state of mind and giving Claudius time to re-think his options. Hamlet should have never allowed this for Claudius. He could have stopped all of the pain he caused himself if he would have just acted out his revenge as soon as he could. Although Hamlet seemed to be superior in all other characteristics, his one flaw cost him his life. Without doubt, it cost the lives of many others as well. If Hamlet could have taken immediate action, many deaths could have been avoided. Although Hamlet succeeds in his revenge, his procrastination proves to be his flaw in every event that took place.

Strategy Non Market Environments

Strategic Management in Non-market Environments 05/11 – 06/11. Cheetah / Hyena video ? Analogues to business world o Make kill, but can you hold when scavengers come o Eat fast if you’re a cheetah ? Value Creation o Economic Activity ? Value Capture o Power, Leverage Companies you create (value you create) must be cognizant of game to come (value capture) Boeing ? Site distribution throughout US, most Congressional districts o Helps when applying / bidding for contracts o Decision making process in Congress ? If only worried about â€Å"capturing an antelope† (market environment), wouldn’t design locations for supply chain this way ?Recognizing hyenas (non-market environment effects) o How to ensure capture value o Spread out across country (multiple congressional districts) o Helps with getting funding (congressionally directed contracts) ? GM locations are more concentrated o Operationally makes more sense, politics weren’t controlling decision ma king o However, when GM needs something from Government, may be in worse position than Boeing Wal-Mart ? Not in bigger cities o Local players (protected), politics can block entry o How negotiate, work around? Market vs.Nonmarket Environment ? Market transactions are typically consensual and bilateral o Voluntary, fundamental 1:1 (bilateral negotiations between parties) ? Nonmarket transactions are rarely consensual and are almost always multilateral ? Market environment focuses on economics ? Nonmarket environment combines political science, psychology and ethics. Integrated, Managerial Strategy ? Goal as a Manager is to integrate Market and Non-market strategy Four I’s (way to analyze situation) ? Issues ? Interests ? Institutions ? Information Diebold Case ?Risks (reputational, new technology) o Can we create Ballot Security service arm, to help solve problem and also create profitability for firm? ? Quality issues ? Communication / marketing plan ? Reach out to political parties, special interest groups ? Diebold should have known Bev Harris, taken her call ? Diebold files suit under DMCA (may not have been best idea in non-market environment) o Protecting access to information becomes worldwide cause ? Politics is unstable o Have to be farsighted o Can not be myopic, take short term view ? Pays to set the genda (want to be the one who makes theproposal) o Proposal helps define the winners and losers o Want to be the agenda setter Observations on Nonmarket Strategy & Analysis ? Issues generate nonmarket competition ? Market rivals can be nonmarket allies; coalitions can be effective ? Your choice of objectives determines who is aligned with and against you ? Alignments of interests are often issue-specific ? Business can represent those who would otherwise be unrepresented ? Institutional features matter; e. g. , Federal versus State jurisdiction ?When attempting to stop an issue, proposing better alternatives is often effective o Bring other intere sts into play ? If there is a problem for you at the company level (e. g. , appearance of corruption), then form coalitions and work on behalf of coalition o J&J – partner with other pharmaceutical, healthcare orgs, activist groups (help assure people are not acting in corrupt fashion, but for greater public good) o Can expand to not just specific industry, but all businesses in area (e. g. , chamber of commerce), etc. ? When thinking about coalitions ask: who benefits from my success on this issue?Goal of Course ? Don’t accept that rules are fixed (â€Å"rules are not fixed†) o But think about is there a way that we can change the rules to benefit the company o Don’t miss opportunity to change b/c have not considered ? Politics is about public good, but also fundamentally about â€Å"redistribution† o How can set strategy to affect positively for our organization ? Complication of Politics o People are motivated to go to voting booth on moral conc erns along with economic o Sometimes issues that can be large motivators may not have as large an impact as other concernsLuxury Tax Case ? 1990; Tax was introduced on luxury items o Huge political fight, tiny revenue generator (not important in context of trying to balance the federal budget) ? Why was the tax introduced if will not have large impact? ? May have just been for the perception; create impression that care about fairness in way that doesn’t create large new taxes for parties ? Core constituents feel that they â€Å"care about values they run on† ? May have been to help â€Å"reelection problem† ?Opposed to tax: consumers of luxury goods, manufacturers of luxury items, retailers of foreign luxury items ? Supporters of Luxury Tax: foreign manufacturers of boats, people who don’t buy luxury items, domestic manufacturers of luxury cars, manufacturers of substitutes for luxury items, some NGOs (anti-fur, anti-diamong) o Not an accident that bill does not apply to GM (b/c GM was on committee working on bill) ? When make predictions in the political arena, are going to ask: o Who are important interest groups, who will have power on the issue ?Large number of voters ? Wealth / contributions / participation of group ? Do you have connections with key members of Congress? ? Distribution of voters ? Ability to get media attention (celebrities, experts) ? Is the group organized? o Who has power, who has incentives? ? Can go a long way to making predictions once have the details of the situation ? What determines the incentives for action? o Magnitude of benefits will receive ? As a group ? As individuals (per capita) ? Substitutes and Opportunity cost ? How does this compare to other issues ?Expected Return on Effort ? (how much work will take / what is expected impact) ? Potential reputational costs ? Luxury Tax Coalition ? Yachts – Not as many manufacturers, not as well distributed (concentrated in states like Rhode Isla nd, smaller state) ? Foreign manufacturers are not voters – poor position when entering country ? Cross of manufacturers (Horizontal across Rent Chains) – Airplanes, Boats o Distributed Politics Spreadsheet, Cemex case ? ? ? See spreadsheet for Distributed Politics notes Modified Lowi Matrix Cemex case notes on handouts